Grammar and usage

.● Grammar and usage

Step 1: General introduction

Let’s have a try, everyone! Can you give me correct answers to the following sentences?

Well done! Today we’ll learn a new Grammar item——PARTICIPLES

The grammar item in this unit focuses on verb-ed and verb-ing, both of which are also called participles. You will review the functions of verb-ed and verb-ing in different situations. You are expected to apply what you learn to practice by fulfilling some written tasks.

Step 2: Explanation:

1. 分词的构成

分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词构成为V+ing, 过去分词构成为V+ed。分词也有一般式、过去式、完成式及主动和被动等各种形式。

2. 现在分词和过去分词的区别

1) 在时态上，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词表示已经完成。

    Developing countries 发展中国家

    The developed countries 发达国家

Boiling water  沸腾的水

    Boiled water   开水

2) 在语态上，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。

The oppressing class  压迫阶级

    The oppressed class   被压迫阶级

    Burning fire  燃烧的火焰

    Burned skin  烧伤的皮肤

3. 分词的时态与语态

1) 一般式（主动、被动）

分词的一般式的主动式所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。其被动式表示这个动作正在发生或与谓语动作同时发生，主要作定语、状语或宾补。

E.g. When I entered the room, I found him reading. 当我进入房间时，我发现他在读书。

    I found the flowers watered.  我发现花已浇过了。

    The building being repaired is a hospital.  正在修建的建筑物是一家医院。

    He found the matter being talked everywhere. 他发现到处都在谈论这件事。

    Being surrounded, the enemy were forced to put down their guns.  敌人被包围，不得不缴械投降。

2) 完成式（主动、被动）

分词的完成式表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。完成时态的分词在句中常作状语，一般不作定语。

E.g. Not having made adequate preparation, we postponed the sports meet.

    由于没做好充分的准备，我们推迟了运动会。

    Having been given such a good chance, how could he give it up?

    给了这样好的机会，他怎能放弃呢？

3) 现在分词的被动式与过去分词的区别

过去分词表示动作已完成，不强调时间概念，而现在分词的被动式强调某一动作正在进行中。

E.g. The building repaired is library. 修建过的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。

    The building being repaired is our library. 正在修建的那个建筑物是我们的图书馆。

4) 延续性动词和终止性动词的现在分词在时间含义上的区别

延续性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个过去进行时时态的句子，而终止性动词的现在分词结构相当于一个一般过去时的从句。

E.g. Walking in the street the other day (=While I was walking in the street the other day), I came across an old friend of mine. 那天我在马路上走时，突然碰到了我的一个老朋友。

   Arriving at the airport (=When I arrived at the airport), I found my light had taken off.

   到达机场时，我发现我的班机已经起飞了。

4. 分词的独立结构

分词（短语）作状语时，尽管在形式上它没有主语，但其逻辑上的主语必须和谓语动词的主语保持一致。

E.g. Studying in the college (=When I studied in the college), I learned a lot from my teachers.在大学学习时，我从老师那里学到了很多东西。

但是，分词有时也有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为分词的独立结构。它可以表示时间，原因，条件，伴随的动作，有时还可用介词with, without 来引导。

E.g. His mother being ill, he is absent today. 他的母亲病了，他今天没来。（原因）

Time permitting, they will start to do a new job. 如果时间允许，他们会开始做一项新工作。（条件）

He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.  他满脸是汗地冲进了房间。（伴随）

    They traveled a whole day, without any food eaten. 他们饿着肚子旅行了一整天。（伴随）

注意：分词用于独立结构时，如果分词是being, having been done形式时，没有实际意义的being或having been可以省略。

E.g. The old man was in a bad condition, his temperature (being) over 40℃ and his pulse (being) weak and rapid. 那位老人处于不好的状况，他的体温超过40℃，脉搏既弱又快。

   The report (having been) read, a discussion began. 读完报告，开始讨论。

   The experiment (having been) finished, we left the lab and went home. 实验结束后，我们离开了实验室回家了。

Step 3: Practice:

1. Let’s look at Part A on page 57. In this part, you’ll read a newspaper article about car pollution. You need to find out the participles used in the article and identify their functions. Write attr for an attribute and adv for an adverbial above each participle phrase.

2. Now, please turn to Part B on page 57. By doing this part, you’ll have another chance to practise using the participles.

Step 4: Exercises:

A. Complete the following English sentences according to the Chinese given in the brackets.

1. ________________________ (由于已经被翻译成多种外语), the book is popular all over the world.

2. The students went out of the examination spot with ________________________ (失望的表情).

3. The tower ________________________ (矗立在山顶之上) was built more than 200 years ago.

4. When ________________________ (穿越街道), you can never be too careful.

5. ______________________ (由于还没有收到) his mother’s letter, he was very worried and wrote another.

B. Fill in the blanks with the words in the brackets in their proper forms.

1. ______________ (give) more time, he will make a first class tennis player.

2. ______________ (hear) that Li Yuchun will give a performance in the city, he got very excited.

3. My grandfather always tells me that the ______________ (labour) people are the wisest people in the world.

4. ______________ (be) a student in the new century, we should know what is honourable behavior and what is shameful.

5. When hearing the news that France was defeated in the World Cup, he felt        ______________ (disappoint) because he likes the team very much.

6. He sent the company another e-mail, ______________ (hope) to get further information about the job.

7. Unless ______________ (invite) to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.

8. Generally speaking, when ______________ (take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.

9. Don’t use words, expressions, or phrases ______________ only to people with specific knowledge.

10. ______________ (depend) on the nature of materials, some waste can be thrown into the sea, but some can’t.

C. Multiple choice:

1. ________ at failing in the math exam, John wouldn’t like to talk about it to his parents.

  A. Disappointed         B. To be disappointed     C. Disappointing     D. Having disappointed

2. The performance of the host, ______ to please the audience and draw their attention, was greeted with a cold silence, however.

  A. had intended                 B. intended                          C. intending                  D. to intend

3. –What did the doctor say yesterday afternoon?

 --He said, “______ on time, this medicine will be quite effective.”

  A. Taking                         B. Being taken               C. Taken                      D. Having taken

4. The eighteen-storied building, when ______, will shut out the sun _____ up the rooms in my house.

  A. completed; lighted       B. completing; lighting        

C. completing; lighted      D. completed; lighting

5. At the end of 2002, there were around 3,000 foreign printing companies in China, ______ up around 2 percent of national total.

  A. made                    B. to make             C. making              D. having made

6. _______ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.

  A. Put                              B. Putting                            C. Having put                D. Being put

7. _______ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

  A. Having lost                   B. Lost                                C. Being lost                 D. Losing

8. It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ______ at the meeting by my boss.

  A. questioning           B. having                     C. questioned                D. to be questioned

9. Alice returned from the manager’s office, ______ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.

  A. having told                  B. tells                                 C. to tell                       D. telling

10. Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents _______.

  A. worried                       B. to worry                          C. worrying                  D. worry

Step 5: Consolidation: